ZANU-PF: The same old ruling party?

Is change a real option? The choice facing voters in Zimbabwe’s elections

With Zimbabwe’s main parties sounding different but looking the same, could a wave of local independent candidates bring some hope?

Credit: @ThisFlag 

With President Emmerson Mnangagwa’s announcing that general elections will be held on 30 July, Zimbabwe now has just two months to go before the big day. These will be the country’s first ever polls without Robert Mugabe at the helm, and in this new era, everyone is promising change.The upcoming vote will certainly look different. For the first time in over two decades, for example, the presidential race will no longer be a contest between the same two figures. Mugabe was forced to resign last year after 37 years in power, while veteran opposition figurehead Morgan Tsvangirai passed away this February.On the surface then, this looks like unchartered territory for a new Zimbabwe. But what has really changed?

ZANU-PF: The same old ruling party?

Since the army rolled into Harare in November 2017 and forced Mugabe to resign, the ruling ZANU-PF has been working hard to rebrand itself.Internationally, President Mnangagwa and his cabinet have been busy in touring the world and proclaiming Zimbabwe “open for business”. At home, they have tried to present themselves as a newly-reformed party prepared to democratise and engage in dialogue with the opposition.

Six months since Mugabe stepped down, however, it is hard to see real evidence of this change on the streets. Basic costs of living continue to increase, there are still major cash shortages, and Mnangagwa’s promised meeting with opposition leaders is still pending.ZANU-PF’s promises to be tolerant of dissent have also been contradicted by its actions. In the past few months for example, the government has clamped down forcefully on student protests and fired over 15,000 nurses who were striking for outstanding allowances dating back to 2010.

The party’s manifesto, launched last month, also suggests ZANU-PF is obliviousness of the extent to which public services have declined under its watch and how badly economic uncertainty is crippling the lives of ordinary citizens. For most Zimbabweans facing these realities, the party’s promise to transform Zimbabwe into a middle-income country by 2030 is unrealistic without drastic reform.

In short, Mugabe may no longer be president, but Zimbabwe under the rule of his long-time protégé and former vice-president does not seem all too different.

With the death of Mr. Mugabe’s longtime rival Morgan Tsvangirai, a former labor leader and prime minister, last February, the new election will pit Mr. Mnangagwa, 75, against numerous other opponents. They include Nelson Chamisa, 40, who replaced Mr. Tsvangirai as leader of the Movement for Democratic Change party.

“It is going to be a very difficult election,” Ibbo Mandaza, a Zimbabwean political analyst and executive director of the Sapes Trust research institute in Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital, said of the planned elections for president, the National Assembly and local councils.

The governing ZANU-PF party and the Movement for Democratic Change have dominated primary elections in previous votes, Mr. Mandaza said. But 120 sitting lawmakers from the two parties lost in the recent parliamentary primaries.

Breaking with his former boss’s tradition, Mr. Mnangagwa said he had invited international and regional election observers, including from the European Union and the Commonwealth and representatives from countries that Mr. Mugabe deemed enemies of his government.

The July vote has the potential to help transform Zimbabwe’s economy, said Tawanda Majoni, the national coordinator at the Information for Development Trust, a media advocacy group — provided that the result is not contested.If the ruling post-Mugabe establishment wins to form a government on its own, the results may be contested, meaning that the resulting government may lack legitimacy among key international powers and aid providers,” Mr. Majoni said.

“If the opposition wins and the current government, in which the military has a high stake, accepts the outcome,” he added, “this may also encourage international investors, development agencies and embassies to render substantial economic, social and political support to the new government.”

Previous disputed elections have hurt the country’s economy. Elections that Mr. Mugabe was accused of winning through unorthodox means drew the ire of Western countries, including the United States, which imposed economic sanctions on Zimbabwe.

In 2008, Mr. Mugabe was reported to have lost to Mr. Tsvangirai in the first round of voting. The results were then withheld for more than a month before a runoff election was conducted. A brutal campaign of state-sponsored violence that began during the first round of voting left dozens of opposition supporters dead and thousands injured.

The subsequent runoff vote resulted in a unity government that held power until the 2013 elections.

Zimbabweans living abroad will not be able to vote in the July elections, according to a Constitutional Court ruling that was also issued on Wednesday

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Leader of the opposition People's Democratic Party in Zimbabwe Tendai Biti. Opposing factions within Zimbabwe’s opposition party were drawn into violent clashes over who will succeed the party’s founding president Morgan Tsvangirai, who died last month.

At least fifteen members of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) were left bloodied and injured, with some treated in hospital, after rows between backers of the current vice president Thokozani Khupe and rival Nelson Chamisa.The clashes are the latest within the MDC as it is supposed to be gearing up for July elections, the first since the fall of Robert Mugabe last year.The massively popular Nelson Chamisa has the support of the the younger generation MDC members, and says he will stand as the presidential candidate for an alliance of opposition parties, largely dominated by the MDC, which has been fighting elections against Zanu-PF since 2000. 

Mr Tsvangirai made it clear to loyalists before he died, that he recognised that Mr Chamisa, 40, should succeed him.  His death followed a soft coup that brought an end to Mr Mugabe's grip over Zimbabwe.

Tendai Biti, a founder member of parliament for the opposition MDC and finance minister in the previous government  with Zanu-PF, dismissed the recent violence: “We are a violent society. That’s what we know."

Mr Biti is now a leading member of the MDC alliance trying to attract opposition political organisations into a united front against Zanu-PF in the presidential, parliamentary, senate and local government elections in July. 

Mrs Khupe told reporters in Bulawayo: "It is a sad reality that some of our party members have resorted to violence for the love of power. We have argued that those who want to lead must subject themselves to a congress. They have refused because they know they will lose.” 

But one of her opponents within the MDC who asked not to be named said that Mrs Khupe was a “divisive figure for years and years". They added: "She knows there is no time for a congress ahead of elections in July. She also knows she can never win against Chamisa. Many of us have long been ashamed of Mrs Khupe.”

(The opposition: scattered and indecisive

On the other side of the divide, Zimbabwe’s opposition is also claiming to be the voice of change, but similarly struggling to break with the past and, in particular, its tendency to splinter and in-fight.

Prior to Mugabe’s ouster, there were hopes the opposition would form a united front, but disagreements between Tsvangirai and former vice-president Joice Mujuru over who would lead the coalition scuppered these efforts.

The MDC-T, still the biggest opposition party, also further fragmented following Tsvangirai’s passing. After his death, it was unclear who should succeed him. In this vacuum, Nelson Chamisa, a former student union activist who leapt onto Zimbabwe’s political scene in 2009 as the country’s youngest MP at the age of 25, emerged as the new leader somewhat unconstitutionally. His main rival and party vice-president Thokozani Khupe was ousted and has now established her own breakaway party.

Some opposition parties are still banding together. This includes the MDC-T under Chamisa, factions led by former finance minister Tendai Biti and Welshman Ncube as well as parties such as ZANU-Ndonga and Zimbabwe People First. This alliance is hoping to cause an upset in July. However, it faces the critical challenge of convincing voters that its leaders would be trustworthy alternatives to the status quo and that the coalition has a viable alternative vision.

This group is also promising change. But led by familiar and all-male faces, they will struggle to present themselves as a breath of fresh air, while they have so far failed to present concrete policies in promising economic growth and job creation.

Citizen alternatives

For the most part then, July will have to be a choice between a familiar-looking ruling party and familiar-looking opposition. However, for some voters, there may be an alternative option on the ballot paper. In an attempt to bypass chaotic national politics, a number of independent candidates have emerged at the local level.

The prominent lawyer Fadzayi Mahere, for example, is running to be a member of parliament in Mt Pleasant, Harare. The 32-year-old vows to represent “every individual who is fed up with the status quo, rising to be counted”. If elected, she has promised to run local programmes such as business training workshops, free health and legal clinics, and community clean-up campaigns. Mahere has actively distanced herself from “party politics and party squabbles” at the national level and focused her campaign on local concerns.

There are also eleven candidates competing as part of a new citizen coalition known as People’s Own Voice (POVO). They are running for local government in wards across Harare. Their campaigns focus on restoring the capital, improving transparency, and increasing the accessibility of health and education services. The most well-known among them is Evan Mawarire, the #ThisFlag pastor and activist who inspired mass protests in 2016. As the coalition’s spokesperson, he has been keen to emphasise that the grouping’s goal is to support local action for local change and that it is not a political party.

After the elections

The political landscape in Zimbabwe has left many citizens feeling frustrated with the choices presented before them. The main option appears to be between the perennially disappointing ZANU-PF and an uninspiring and untested opposition. Neither fills most voters with a great deal of hope. Smaller parties and independents could diversify voices in parliament and reduce ZANU-PF’s dominance, but they are unlikely to shift the overall balance of power.

With two months to go before Zimbabwe’s elections then, it is clear that despite some changes at the top, the country is in dire need of a new crop of political leaders who can be accountable to the people rather than slaves to party politics. Electing some radically different, community-focused individuals could begin the process of rebuilding, improving and decentralising the country’s governance systems. But beyond that, it is incumbent on ordinary Zimbabweans to imagine alternative democratic options and work actively towards creating them. If politicians and citizens alike are to avoid the Mugabe-era’s mistakes, a radically different approach is necessary.